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Lean Muscle
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28-Days-to-Lean Meal Plan

With the right plan and the right discipline, you can get seriously shredded in just 28 days.

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The 25 Hottest Female Celebrities

Talented stars, killer physiques.

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The 'Dos' and 'Don’ts' of Bill Gillespie’s Record-Breaking Bench Press

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The 50 Best Female Fitness Influencers on Instagram
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The 50 Best Fitness Influencers on Instagram

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FEBRUARY 2010 ARTICLE REFERENCES

by M&F Editors
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Nutrition Notebook

Blomstrand, E., Saltin, B. BCAA intake affects protein metabolism in muscle after but not during exercise in humans. Journal of Physiology, Endocrinology and Metabolism 281(2):E365-374, 2001.

Burke, D. G. Effect of creatine supplementation and resistance-exercise training on muscle insulin-like growth factor in young adults. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 18(4):389-98, 2008.

De Palo, E.F., et al. Plasma lactate, GH and GH-Binding protein levels in exercise following BCAA supplementation in athletes. Amino Acids 20:1-11, 2001.

Hoffman, J., et al. Beta-Alanine and the Hormonal Response to Exercise. Int J Sports Med 29(12):952-958, 2008.

Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Faigenbaum AD, et al. Short-duration beta-alanine supplementation increases training volume and reduces subjective feelings of fatigue in college football players. Nutr Res. Jan 2008;28(1):31-35.

Hoffman JR, Ratamess NA, Kang J, Rashti SL, Faigenbaum AD. Effect of betaine supplementation on power performance and fatigue. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2009;6:7.

Kern, B., et al. Effects of beta-alanine supplementation on exercise performance during a competitive wrestling season: an 8-week open label pilot study. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2008, 5(Suppl 1):P2.

Smith, A. E., et al. Effects of β-alanine supplementation and high-intensity interval training on endurance performance and body composition in men; a double-blind trial. Journal of the International Society of Sports Nutrition 2009, 6:5

Stoppani, J., et al. Consuming branched-chain amino acid supplement during a resistance training program increases lean mass, muscle strength and fat loss. Annual Meeting of the International Society of Sports Nutrition, 2009.

The Edge

Gold By the Inch:
Charles, J. D. and Bejan, A. The evolution of speed, size and shape in modern athletics. J. Exp. Biol. 2009 212: 2419-2425.

Graphic Muscle:
Fioranelli, D. and Lee, C. M. The influence of bar diameter on neuromuscular strength and activation: Inferences from an isometric unilateral bench press. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 22(3): 661-666, 2008.

The Face of Strength:
Sell, A., et al. Human adaptations for the visual assessment of strength and fighting ability from the body and face. Proc Biol Sci. 2009 Feb 7;276(1656):575-84.

Weider Principle:
Dorgo, S., et al. The effects of manual resistance training on improving muscular strength and endurance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 22(3): 661-666, 2008.

Healthy Graph:
Greve, M. W., et al. Skiing and snowboarding head injuries in 2 areas of the United States. Wilderness and Environmental Medicine 20: 234-238, 2009

Science of Sex:
Berg, S., et al. Sex life and sexual function in men and women before and after total disc replacement compared with posterior lumbar fusion. Spine J, In press, 2009.

Stroke:
Morgenstern, L. B., et al. Number of fast-food restaurants in neighborhood associated with stroke risk. American Heart Association’s International Stroke Conference, 2009.

X-rays:
Little, M., et al. A model of cardiovascular disease giving a plausible mechanism for the effect of fractionated low-dose ionizing radiation exposure. PLOS Computational Biology 5(10): 2009.

Creatine:
Gualano, B., et al. “Effects of creatine supplementation on glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity in sedentary healthy males undergoing aerobic training.” Amino Acids. 2008 Feb;34(2):245-50.

Myth of the Month:
Nettleton, J.A., “Diet soda intake and risk of incident metabolic syndrome and type 2 diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA).” Diabetes Care. 2009 Apr;32(4):688-94

Swithers, S.E., et al. “A Role for Sweet Taste: Calorie Predictive Relations in Energy Regulation by Rats.” Behavioral Neuroscience 2008, Vol. 122, No. 1, 161-173.

see Muscle. See Muscle Grow.

1. Kreider RB, Melton C, Rasmussen CJ, Greenwood M, Lancaster S, Cantler EC, Milnor P, Almada AL: Long-term creatine supplementation does not significantly affect clinical markers of health in athletes. Mol Cell Biochem 2003, 244(1-2):95-104.

2. Burke DG, Chilibeck PD, Parise G, Candow DG, Mahoney D, Tarnopolsky M: Effect of creatine and weight training on muscle creatine and performance in vegetarians. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2003, 35(11):1946-1955.

3. Ziegenfuss TN, Rogers M, Lowery L, Mullins N, Mendel R, Antonio J, Lemon P: Effect of creatine loading on anaerobic performance and skeletal muscle volume in NCAA Division I athletes. Nutrition 2002, 18(5):397-402.

4. Volek JS, Duncan ND, Mazzetti SA, Staron RS, Putukian M, Gomez AL, Pearson DR, Fink WJ, Kraemer WJ: Performance and muscle fiber adaptations to creatine supplementation and heavy resistance training. Med Sci Sports Exerc 1999, 31(8):1147-1156.

5. Schoch RD, Willoughby D, Greenwood M: The regulation and expression of the creatine transporter: a brief review of creatine supplementation in humans and animals. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2006, 3:60-66.

6. Chilibeck PD, Stride D, Farthing JP, Burke DG: Effect of creatine ingestion after exercise on muscle thickness in males and females. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2004, 36(10):1781-1788.

7. Hoffman JR, Stout JR, Falvo MJ, Kang J, Ratamess NA: Effect of low-dose, short-duration creatine supplementation on anaerobic exercise performance. J Strength Cond Res 2005, 19(2):260-264.

8. Wright GA, Grandjean PW, Pascoe DD: The effects of creatine loading on thermoregulation and intermittent sprint exercise performance in a hot humid environment. J Strength Cond Res 2007, 21(3):655-660.

9. Smith AE, Walter AA, Herda TJ, Ryan ED, Moon JR, Cramer JT, Stout JR: Effects of creatine loading on electromyographic fatigue threshold during cycle ergometry in college-aged women. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2007, 4:20.

10. Jones AM, Atter T, Georg KP: Oral creatine supplementation improves multiple sprint performance in elite ice-hockey players. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 1999, 39(3):189-196.

11. Izquierdo M, Ibanez J, Gonzalez-Badillo JJ, Gorostiaga EM: Effects of creatine supplementation on muscle power, endurance, and sprint performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2002, 34(2):332-343.

12. Mujika I, Padilla S, Ibanez J, Izquierdo M, Gorostiaga E: Creatine supplementation and sprint performance in soccer players. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2000, 32(2):518-525.

13. Rae C, Digney AL, McEwan SR, Bates TC: Oral creatine monohydrate supplementation improves brain performance: a double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over trial. Proc R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2003, 270(1529):2147-2150.

14. McMorris T, Mielcarz G, Harris RC, Swain JP, Howard A: Creatine supplementation and cognitive performance in elderly individuals. Neuropsychol Dev Cogn B Aging Neuropsychol Cogn 2007, 14(5):517-528.

15. Jager R, Metzger J, Lautmann K, Shushakov V, Purpura M, Geiss KR, Maassen N: The effects of creatine pyruvate and creatine citrate on performance during high intensity exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2008, 5:4.

16. Spillane M, Schoch R, Cooke M, Harvey T, Greenwood M, Kreider R, Willoughby DS: The effects of creatine ethyl ester supplementation combined with heavy resistance training on body composition, muscle performance, and serum and muscle creatine levels. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2009, 6:6.

17. Buford TW, Kreider RB, Stout JR, Greenwood M, Campbell B, Spano M, Ziegenfuss T, Lopez H, Landis J, Antonio J: International Society of Sports Nutrition position stand: creatine supplementation and exercise. J Int Soc Sports Nutr 2007, 4:6.

18. Poortmans JR, Francaux M: Adverse effects of creatine supplementation: fact or fiction? Sports Med 2000, 30(3):155-170.

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