Muscle & Fitness logo Muscle & Fitness

  • Workouts

    Workouts

    • Workout Routines
    • Workout Tips
    • Fitness
    • Athlete/Celebrity Workouts
    • Exercise Videos
    Find Exercises Targeting…
    • Abs and Core Exercises
    • Arm Exercises
    • Back Exercises
    • Chest Exercises
    • Leg Exercises
    • Shoulder Exercises
  • Nutrition

    Nutrition

    • Healthy Eating
    • Lose Fat
    • Gain Mass
    • Supplements
    • Performance Nutrition
    Various healthy frozen foods stored in a freezer
    Healthy Eating

    One Dietitian's 5 Most Healthiest Frozen Foods

    Young professionals drinking Caffeinated Alternatives on their coffee break
    Healthy Eating

    Top Recommended Caffeinated Coffee Alternatives for Clean Energy Through...

    Chef Dan Churchill in the kitchen of his restaurant The Osprey in Brooklyn’s 1 Hotel
    Performance Nutrition

    Dan Churchill's 5 Rules for Top-Level Fueling

    Person putting a banana into a blender to make a banana smoothie
    Healthy Eating

    Study Reveals This Drawback to Adding a Banana to Your Smoothie

  • Athletes & Celebrities

    Athletes & Celebrities

    • News
    • Interviews
    • Women
    • Pro Tips
    • Behind-the-Scenes
    • Videos
    Gary Brecka
    Pro Tips

    Here's What's Keeping Gary Brecka Performing at a High Level

    Jade Henderson performing pullups
    Pro Tips

    A World Record Holder's Tips for Boosting Pullup Reps

    WWE wrestler Randy Orton on Iron Rattler in Six Flags
    News

    Randy Orton Loses His Cool on Extreme Roller Coaster in Saudi Arabia

    Kyle Busch
    Athletes & Celebrities

    How Kyle Busch Is Planning a 'Rowdy' NASCAR Comeback

  • Features

    Features

    • From our Partners
    • Active Lifestyle
    • M&F: Fit to Serve
    • Gear
    • News
    • Opinion
    Person holidng a GLP-1 Pill Orforglipron
    News

    New Weight Loss Pill Could Burn Fat Without Muscle Loss

    A Group of young fit girls practicing good fitness and wellness practices
    News

    New Research Finds Reducing Belly Fat May Slow Brain Aging

    Fitness gifts wrapped in black and red wrapping paper
    Gear

    TOP FITNESS GEAR TO BUY THIS HOLIDAY SEASON

    Over 40s couple performing mobility workouts and stretches outdoors
    News

    Why Science Believes This May be the Best Pre-Workout Warmup

  • Anti-Aging

    Anti-Aging

    • Functional Medicine
    • Hormone Optimization
    • Recovery
    • Wellness
    Participants in the Unlimited Life biohacking retreat in the Amazon Rainforest
    Wellness

    5 Aging Lessons Learned from a Biohacking Retreat Deep in the Amazon

    Fit female using technology scan to biohack her health and fitness in 2026
    Wellness

    10 Biohacking Trends for 2026 to Keep On Your Radar Now

    Over 40s couple performing mobility workouts and stretches outdoors
    Wellness

    2 Simple 15-Minute Mobility Workouts to Help Reduce Pain

    A group of young adventurers using travel and outdoor adventures to keep health and fit
    Wellness

    Traveling and Adventuring: Your Path to Staying Young, Fit, and Healthy

  • Flex

    Flex

    • Olympia Coverage
    • Athletes
    • Nutrition
    • Training
    • Videos
    United States Air Force Staff Sergeant Joshua Alvord performing a behind the neck squat
    Pro Tips

    This Air Force Honor Guard Member Takes Being Fit To Serve Seriously

    Shaun Clarida psyched and posing after qaulifying for the Open and 212 Mr. Olympia Division for 2026
    News

    Shaun Clarida just qualified in two Olympia divisions

    sam sulek ifbb pro prep eating day
    Nutrition

    Sam Sulek explains his 'Full Day of Eating' ahead of IFBB Pro debut

    Female bodybuilder Dana Linn Bailey performing 100’s Workout- Back Day
    Training

    Try Dana Linn Bailey’s '100’s Back Day Workout'

  • Hers

    Hers

    • Workouts
    • Nutrition
    • Supplements
    • Athletes & Celebrities
    • Features
    Jessica Biel’s ‘The Better Sister’ Workout
    Hers Workouts

    How Jessica Biel Sculpted Her Upper Body for 'Better Sister'

    Erin Stern
    Hers Workouts

    Erin Stern Has 4 Quad-Building Tweaks for You to Try

    Maddy Forberg working out with dumbbells
    Hers Athletes & Celebrities

    Maddy Forberg Prepares To Return To The Powerlifting Platform

    Female bodybuilder Dana Linn Bailey demonstrates how to do the Reverse Fly Hack exercise for strong shoulders
    Hers Athletes & Celebrities

    Dana Linn Bailey’s Reverse Fly Hack for Bigger Rear Delts

  • Olympia

    Olympia

    • Olympia Coverage
    • Buy Tickets
    Caesar Bacarella performing a dumbbell workout with biceps curls
    Pro Tips

    Caesar Bacarella Is Building a Fitness Empire at Full Speed

    Olympia-2019-Whiteny-Jones-Press-Conference
    Interviews

    Whitney Jones Can Break, But Can Never Be Broken

    IFBB Wellness Pro Yarishna Ayala
    Interviews

    Yarishna Ayala Shares Advice for Future Wellness Division Competitors

    2021 Mr. Olympia Top 3 winners Brandon Curry, Big Ramy, Hadi Choopin
    News

    BIG RAMY WINS THE 2021 OLYMPIA!

Subscribe to YouTube Subscribe to the Newsletter Terms of Use Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Accessibility Statement Do Not Sell
  • Workouts
    • Workout Routines
    • Workout Tips
    • Fitness
    • Athlete/Celebrity Workouts
    • Exercise Videos
  • Nutrition
    • Healthy Eating
    • Lose Fat
    • Gain Mass
    • Supplements
    • Performance Nutrition
  • Athletes & Celebrities
    • News
    • Interviews
    • Women
    • Pro Tips
    • Behind-the-Scenes
    • Videos
  • Features
    • From our Partners
    • Active Lifestyle
    • M&F: Fit to Serve
    • Gear
    • News
    • Opinion
  • Anti-Aging
    • Functional Medicine
    • Hormone Optimization
    • Recovery
    • Wellness
  • Flex
    • Olympia Coverage
    • Athletes
    • Nutrition
    • Training
    • Videos
  • Hers
    • Workouts
    • Nutrition
    • Supplements
    • Athletes & Celebrities
    • Features
  • Olympia
    • Olympia Coverage
    • Buy Tickets
  • Resources & Highlights
    • Topics
    • Videos
    • Podcasts
    • Contact
    • Terms of Use
    • Privacy Policy
    • Cookie Policy
    • Accessibility Statement
    • Do Not Sell

Stay Connected

Newsletter Signup

Stay up to date

Sign up below to receive our newest workout routines, recipes, news stories, and offers from our partners

Facebook Twitter Youtube Pinterest
Open menu button
Open search bar button
×

Search M&F

Featured Articles
Lean Muscle
Healthy Eating

28-Days-to-Lean Meal Plan

With the right plan and the right discipline, you can get seriously shredded in just 28 days.

Read article
Kate Upton Attends the 2016 Vanity Fair Oscar Party
Women

The 20 Hottest Female Celebrities

Talented stars, killer physiques.

Read article
Bench press record holder Bill Gillespie breaking the world record at age 62
Pro Tips

The 'Dos' and 'Don’ts' of Bill Gillespie’s Record-Breaking Bench Press

At age 62, "Big Bill" shares his wisdom to dominate one of the ultimate strength marks.

Read article
The 50 Best Female Fitness Influencers on Instagram
Girls

The 50 Best Fitness Influencers on Instagram

Follow these fit women we're crushing on for inspiration, workout ideas, and motivation.

Read article

APRIL 2010 ARTICLE REFERENCES

by M&F Editors
  • Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)
  • Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)
  • Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)
  • Click to share on Facebook (Opens in new window)
  • Click to share on Twitter (Opens in new window)
  • Click to share on Pinterest (Opens in new window)
Nutrition Notebook

Combs GF, Jr and Gray WP. Chemopreventive agents: Selenium. Pharmacol Ther 1998; 79:179-92.

Arthur, J.R. “The role of selenium in thyroid hormone metabolism.” Can J Physiol Pharmacol. 1991 Nov;69(11):1648-52.

Arthur, J.R., et al. “Selenium deficiency, thyroid hormone metabolism, and thyroid hormone deiodinases.” Am J Clin Nutr. 1993 Feb;57(2 Suppl):236S-239S.

Lauretani, F., et al. Association of low plasma selenium concentrations with poor muscle strength in older community-dwelling adults: the InCHIANTI Study. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 86(2): 347-352, 2007.

Thomson, C.D., et al. “Brazil nuts: an effective way to improve selenium status.” Am J Clin Nutr. 2008 Feb;87(2):379-84.

The Edge

Get a Grip:

Barnett, C. and P. Turner. Effects of Variations of the Bench Press Exercise on the EMG Activity of Five Shoulder Muscles. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research: 9: 4, 222-227, 1995.

Glass, S. C. and T. Armstrong. Electromyographical Activity of the Pectoralis Muscle During Incline and Decline Bench Presses. The Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research: 11: 3, 163-167, 1997.

Lehman, G. J.. The influence of grip width and forearm pronation/supination on upper-body myoelectric activity during the flat bench press. mpact of metabolic stress on hormonal responses and muscular adaptations. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research. 19(3): 587-581, 2005.

Go Long:

Potier, T. G., et al. Effects of eccentric strength training on biceps femoris muscle architecture and knee joint range of movement. Eur J Appl Physiol. 2009 Apr;105(6):939-44.

Boot-Camp Burns

acefitness.com

Weider Principle:

Massey C. D., et al. An analysis of full range of motion vs. partial range of motion training in the development of strength in untrained men. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 18(3): 518-521, 2004.

Healthy Graph:

Deltour, I., et al. Time trends in brain tumor incidence rates in Denmark, Finland, Norway, and Sweden, 1974-2003. J Natl Cancer Inst. 2009 Dec 16;101(24):1721-4.

The Mighty Mineral:

Mathers, T. W. and Beckstrand, R. L. Oral magnesium supplementation in adults with coronary heart disease or coronary heart disease risk. J Am Acad Nurse Pract. 2009 Dec;21(12):651-7.

Relax

Weeks BS. Formulations of dietary supplements and herbal extracts for relaxation and anxiolytic action: Relarian. Med Sci Monit. 2009 Nov;15(11):RA256-62.

Seedy Results

Nieman DC, Cayea EJ, Austin MD, Henson DA, McAnulty SR, Jin F. Chia seed does not promote weight loss or alter disease risk factors in overweight adults. Nutr Res. 2009 Jun;29(6):414-8.

The Engery Compound

Nieman DC, Williams AS, Shanely RA, Jin F, McAnulty SR, Triplett NT, Austin MD, Henson DA. Quercetin’s Influence on Exercise Performance and Muscle Mitochondrial Biogenesis. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2009 Nov 13. [Epub ahead of print]

Amazing Amino:

Mero, A. A., et al. Effects Of α-hydroxyisocaproic Acid On Body Composition, Doms And Performance In Athletes. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 51(5): 507, 2009.

Tea with Mercury

Reference/source: http://cat.inist.fr/?aModele=afficheN&cpsidt=20676220

Milk

Reference/source: Kukuljan S, Nowson CA, Sanders K, Daly RM. Effects of resistance exercise and fortified milk on skeletal muscle mass, muscle size, and functional performance in middle-aged and older men: an 18-mo randomized controlled trial. J Appl Physiol. 2009 Dec;107(6):1864-73. Epub 2009 Oct 22.

Immunity Diet

1. Cecil, Essentials of Medicine, 3rd edition

2. DeFuria J, Bennett G, Strissel, KJ, et al. Dietary blueberry attenuates whole-body insulin resistance in high fat-fed mice by reducing adipocyte death and its inflammatory sequelae. Journal of Nutrition 2009; Aug: 139(8):1510-6.

3. Olivares M, Diaz-Ropero MP, Gomez N, et al. The consumption of two new probiotic strains, Lactobacillus gasseri CECT 5714 and Lactobacillus corniformis CECT 5711, boosts the immune system of healthy humans. Int. Microbiol. 2006; March: 9(1):47-52.

4.Schiffrin EJ, Parkesak A, Bode JC, et al. Probiotic yogurt in the elderly with intestinal bacterial overgrowth: endotoxaemia and innate immune functions. Br J Nutrition 2009; April :101(7):961-6.

5. Ghazanfari T, Hassan ZM, Khamesiporu A. Enhancement of peritoneal macrophage phagocytic activity against Leishmania major by garlic (Allium sativum) treatment. J Ethnopharmacol 2006; Feb. 20: 103(3):333-7.

6. Tattelman E. Health effects of garlic. Am Fam Physician 2005; July 1:72(1):103-6.

7. Davis SR. An overview of the antifungal properties of allicin and its breakdown products – the possibility of a safe and effective antifungal prophylactic. Mycoses 2005; March:48(2):95-100.

8. Lissiman E, Bhassale AL, Cohen M. Garlic for the common cold. Cochrane Database System Review 2009; July 8(3): CD006206.

9. Rop O, Mlcek J, Jurikova T. Beta-glucans in higher fungi and their health effects. Nutr Rev 2009; Nov.: 67(11):624-31.

10. Boom KL, Khor YY, Sweetman E, et al. Antimicrobial activity of honey from the stingless bee Trigona carbonaria determined by agar diffusion, agar dilution, broth microdilution and time-kill methodology. J Appl Microbiol 2009; Oct: 7

11. Rodriguez-Malaver AJ, Rasmussen C, Gutierrez MG, et al. Properties of honey from ten species of Peruvian stingless bees. Nat Prod Commun. 2009; Sep.: 4(9):1221-6.

12. Institute of Medicine, Food and Nutrition Board. Dietary Reference Intakes for Vitamin A, Vitamin K, Arsenic, Boron, Chromium, Copper, Iodine, Iron, Manganese, Molybenum, Nickel, Silicon, Vanadium, And Zinc. Washington, DC: National Academy Press, 2001.

13. Winterferst ES, Maggini S, Hornig DH. Contribution of selected vitamins and trace elements to immune function. Ann Nutr Metab 2007; 51:301-23

14. Yamaguchi S, Miura C, Kikuchi K, et al. Zinc is an essential trace element for spermatogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2009; June 30: 106(26):10859-64.

15. Butt MS, Sultan MT. Green tea: nature’s defense against malignancies. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2009; May: 49(5): 463-73.

16. Sharma V, Rao LJ. A thought on the biological activiites of black tea. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr 2009; May: 49(5): 379-404.

17. Guadagni M, Biolo G. Effects of inflammation and/or inactivity on the need for dietary protein. Cuur Opin Clin Nutr Metab Care 2009; Nov.:12(6):617-22.

18. DeSimone C, Ferrari M, Lozzi A, et al. Vitamins and immunity: II. Influence of L-carnitine on the immune system. Acta Vitaminol Enzymol 1982; 4(1-2):135-40.

19. Von Woedtke T, Schluter B, Pflegel P, et al. Aspects of the antimicrobial efficacy of grapefruit seed extract and its relation to preservative substances contained. Pharmazie 1999; June: 54(6):452-6.

20. Waitzberg DL, Torrinhas RS. Fish oil lipid emulsions and immune response: what clinicians need to know. Nutr Clin Pract 2009; Aug-Sep: 24(4): 487-99.

21. Krangel MS, Carabana J, Abarrategui I. Some nuts are tougher to crack than others. Immunity 2006; Apr: 24(4):381-91.

22. Som EW, Lee SR, Choi HS, et al. Effects of supplementation with higher levels of manganese and magnesium on immune function. Arch Pharm Res 2007; June: 30(6):743-9.

23. Roxas M, Jurenka J. Colds and influenza: a review of diagnosis and conventional, botanical, and nutritional considerations. Altern Med Rev 2007; March: 12(1): 25-48.

24. Castell LM, Newsholme EA. Glutamine and the effects of exhaustive exercise upon the immune response. Can J Physiol Pharmacol 1998; May: 76(5): 524-32.

25. Akerstrom TC, Pedersen BK. Strategies to enhance immune function for marathon runners: what can be done? Sports Med 2007; 37(4-5):416-9.

26. DeFlora S, Grassi C, Carati L. Attenuation of influenza-like symptomatology and improvement of cell-mediated immunity with long-term-N-acetylcysteine treatment. Eur Respir J 1997; 10: 1535-1541.

27. Deruelle F, Baron B. Vitamin C: is supplementation necessary for optimal health? J Altern Complement Med 2008; Dec.: 14(10):1291-8.

28. Ginde AA, Mansbach JM, Camargo CA Jr. Assocaiton between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D level and upper resporatory tract infection in the Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Arch Intern Med 2009; Feb. 23: 169 (4): 384-90.

Author picture
Written by M&F Editors
Also by M&F Editors
Roger Lockridge and Rob Wilking standing with military guards for Fit To Serve
News

Muscle & Fitness Celebrates Military Content Strategy

Olympia 2026 Palms Hotel
News

PALMS Las Vegas Named Official Host Hotel of the 2026 Olympia Weekend

Newsletter Signup

Stay up to date

Sign up below to receive our newest workout routines, recipes, news stories, and offers from our partners

Muscle & Fitness logo

Follow us

Facebook Twitter Youtube Pinterest

More news

Gary Brecka
Pro Tips

Here's What's Keeping Gary Brecka Performing at a High Level

The human biologist thrives by scheduling sleep and exercise before everything else.

Read article
Muscular fit male using the decline bench press exercise to target his lower chest muscles
Chest Exercises

5 Best Decline Bench Press Alternatives for Lower-Chest Development

Build stronger pecs with these smart, joint-friendly versions.

Read article
Jade Henderson performing pullups
Pro Tips

A World Record Holder's Tips for Boosting Pullup Reps

Jade Henderson has a winning strategy for increasing your pullup numbers.

Read article
  1. Home
  2. /
  3. APRIL 2010 ARTICLE REFERENCES
Muscle & Fitness logo
  • Workouts
  • Nutrition
  • Athletes & Celebrities
  • Features
  • Recipes
  • Topics
  • Videos
  • Exercise Videos
  • Podcasts
  • RSS Feed
  • Buy Olympia Tickets
  • Archives
  • Sitemap
Facebook Twitter Youtube Pinterest

Newsletter Signup

Stay up to date

Sign up below to receive our newest workout routines, recipes, news stories, and offers from our partners

JW Media, LLC

Copyright 2025 JW Media, LLC, parent company of Muscle & Fitness. All rights reserved.

Contact Us Terms of Use Privacy Policy Cookie Policy Do Not Sell Accessibility Statement