28-Days-to-Lean Meal Plan
With the right plan and the right discipline, you can get seriously shredded in just 28 days.
Read articleWith the right plan and the right discipline, you can get seriously shredded in just 28 days.
Read articleAt age 62, "Big Bill" shares his wisdom to dominate one of the ultimate strength marks.
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Read article1 Bickel, C. S., et al. Time course of molecular responses of human skeletal muscle to acute bouts of resistance exercise. J Appl Physiol. 2005 Feb;98(2):482-8.
2 Hoppeler, H., et al. Gene expression in working skeletal muscle. Adv Exp Med Biol. 2007;618:245-54.
3 Yang, Y., et al. Time course of myogenic and metabolic gene expression in response to acute exercise in human skeletal muscle.J Appl Physiol. 2005 May;98(5):1745-52.
4 Kraemer, W. J. and Ratamess, N. A. Hormonal responses and adaptations to resistance exercise and training. Sports Med. 2005;35(4):339-61.
5 Goto, K, et al. The impact of metabolic stress on hormonal responses and muscular adaptations. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2005 Jun;37(6):955-63.
6 Goto, K., et al. Effects of resistance exercise on lipolysis during subsequent submaximal exercise.Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Feb;39(2):308-15.
1. Zhao J, Dasmahapatra AK, Khan SI, Khan IA. Anti-aromatase activity of the constituents from damiana (Turnera diffusa). J Ethnopharmacol. Dec 8 2008;120(3):387-393.
2. Lin T. Adenosine 3′,5′-monophosphate and testosterone responses of normal and desensitized Leydig cells to forskolin. Life Sci. Dec 19 1983;33(25):2465-2471.
3. Godard MP, Johnson BA, Richmond SR. Body composition and hormonal adaptations associated with forskolin consumption in overweight and obese men. Obes Res. Aug 2005;13(8):1335-1343.
4. Angwafor F, 3rd, Anderson ML. An open label, dose response study to determine the effect of a dietary supplement on dihydrotestosterone, testosterone and estradiol levels in healthy males. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2008;5:12.
5. Ceda GP, Ceresini G, Denti L, et al. alpha-Glycerylphosphorylcholine administration increases the GH responses to GHRH of young and elderly subjects. Horm Metab Res. Mar 1992;24(3):119-121.
6. Suminski RR, Robertson RJ, Goss FL, et al. Acute effect of amino acid ingestion and resistance exercise on plasma growth hormone concentration in young men. Int J Sport Nutr. Mar 1997;7(1):48-60.
7. Powers ME, Yarrow JF, McCoy SC, Borst SE. Growth hormone isoform responses to GABA ingestion at rest and after exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. Jan 2008;40(1):104-110.
8. Nassar E, Mulligan C, Taylor L, et al. Effects of a single dose of N-Acetyl-5-methoxytryptamine (Melatonin) and resistance exercise on the growth hormone/IGF-1 axis in young males and females. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2007;4:14.
9. Meeking DR, Wallace JD, Cuneo RC, Forsling M, Russell-Jones DL. Exercise-induced GH secretion is enhanced by the oral ingestion of melatonin in healthy adult male subjects. Eur J Endocrinol. Jul 1999;141(1):22-26.
10. Park MY, Lee KS, Sung MK. Effects of dietary mulberry, Korean red ginseng, and banaba on glucose homeostasis in relation to PPAR-alpha, PPAR-gamma, and LPL mRNA expressions. Life Sci. Nov 12 2005;77(26):3344-3354.
11. Hong H, Jai Maeng W. Effects of malted barley extract and banaba extract on blood glucose levels in genetically diabetic mice. J Med Food. Winter 2004;7(4):487-490.
12. Liu B, Asare-Anane H, Al-Romaiyan A, et al. Characterisation of the insulinotropic activity of an aqueous extract of Gymnema sylvestre in mouse beta-cells and human islets of Langerhans. Cell Physiol Biochem. 2009;23(1-3):125-132.
13. Baskaran K, Kizar Ahamath B, Radha Shanmugasundaram K, Shanmugasundaram ER. Antidiabetic effect of a leaf extract from Gymnema sylvestre in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus patients. J Ethnopharmacol. Oct 1990;30(3):295-300.
14. Evans JL, Goldfine ID. Alpha-lipoic acid: a multifunctional antioxidant that improves insulin sensitivity in patients with type 2 diabetes. Diabetes Technol Ther. Autumn 2000;2(3):401-413.
15. Lee WJ, Song KH, Koh EH, et al. Alpha-lipoic acid increases insulin sensitivity by activating AMPK in skeletal muscle. Biochem Biophys Res Commun. Jul 8 2005;332(3):885-891.
16. Burke DG, Chilibeck PD, Parise G, Tarnopolsky MA, Candow DG. Effect of alpha-lipoic acid combined with creatine monohydrate on human skeletal muscle creatine and phosphagen concentration. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. Sep 2003;13(3):294-302.
17. Dewell A, Weidner G, Sumner MD, et al. Relationship of dietary protein and soy isoflavones to serum IGF-1 and IGF binding proteins in the Prostate Cancer Lifestyle Trial. Nutr Cancer. 2007;58(1):35-42.
18. Doi SQ, Rasaiah S, Tack I, et al. Low-protein diet suppresses serum insulin-like growth factor-1 and decelerates the progression of growth hormone-induced glomerulosclerosis. Am J Nephrol. Jul-Aug 2001;21(4):331-339.
19. Dillon EL, Sheffield-Moore M, Paddon-Jones D, et al. Amino Acid Supplementation Increases Lean Body Mass, Basal Muscle Protein Synthesis, and IGF-1 Expression in Older Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. Feb 10 2009.
1 Volek, J., et al. “Comparison of energy-restricted very low-carbohydrate and low-fat diets on weight loss and body composition in overweight men and women.” Nutr Metab (Lond). 2004 Nov 8;1(1):13.
2 Volek, J.S., et al. “Body composition and hormonal responses to a carbohydrate-restricted diet.” Metabolism. 2002 Jul;51(7):864-70.
3 Hall, W. L., et al. Casein and whey exert different effects on plasma amino acid profiles, gastrointestinal hormone secretion and appetite. British Journal of Nutrition 89(2):239-248, 2003.
4 Swithers, S.E., et al. “A Role for Sweet Taste: Calorie Predictive Relations in Energy Regulation by Rats.” Behavioral Neuroscience 2008, Vol. 122, No. 1, 161-173
5 Cangiano, C., et al. Eating behavior and adherence to dietary prescriptions in obese adult subjects treated with 5-hydroxytryptophan. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition. 1992 Nov;56(5):863-7.
6 Blomstrand E.A role for branched-chain amino acids in reducing central fatigue. J Nutr. 2006 Feb;136(2):544S-547S.
7 De Lorenzo, A., et al. Effect of acute and chronic branched-chain amino acids on energy metabolism and muscle performance. Diabetes Nutr Metab. 2003 Oct-Dec;16(5-6):291-7.
8 Mourier, A., et al. Combined effects of caloric restriction and branched-chain amino acid supplementation on body composition and exercise performance in elite wrestlers. Int J Sports Med 1997 Jan;18(1):47-55.
9 Hogervorst E, et al., “Caffeine improves physical and cognitive performance during exhaustive exercise.” Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2008 Oct;40(10):1841-51.
10 Beck, TW, Housh, TJ, Schmidt, R, et al. “The acute effects of a caffeine-containing supplement on strength, muscular endurance, and anaerobic capabilities.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2006, 20(3), 506-510.
11 Wutzke, K. D, and Lorenz, H. The effect of l-carnitine on fat oxidation, protein turnover, and body composition in slightly overweight subjects. Metabolism 53(8):1002-1006, 2004.
12 Muller D M, et al. Effects of oral L-carnitine supplementation on in vivo long-chain fatty acid oxidation in healthy adults. Metabolism. 51:1389-1391, 2002.
13 Kraemer, W.J., et al. The effects of L-carnitine L-tartrate supplementation on hormonal responses to resistance exercise and recovery. J Strength Cond Res. 2003 Aug;17(3):455-62.
14 Godard, M. et al. Body composition and hormonal adaptations associated with forskolin consumption in overweight and obese men. Obesity Research 13(8):1335-1343, 2005.
15 Ostojic, S. M. Yohimbine: the effects on body composition and exercise performance in soccer players. Res Sports Med. 2006 Oct-Dec;14(4):289-99.
Hydration Nation
1. Schoffstall JE, et al. “Effects of dehydration and rehydration on the one-repetition maximum bench press of weight-trained males.” Journal of Strength and Conditioning Resarch, 2001 Feb;15(1):102-8.
2. Judelson, D. A., et al. Effect of hydration state on strength, power, and resistance exercise performance. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2007 Oct;39(10):1817-24.
3. Jones, L. C., et al. Active dehydration impairs upper and lower body anaerobic muscular power. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Resarch, 2008 Mar;22(2):455-463.
Graphic Muscle
Rodio, A., et al. Physiological adaptation in noncompetitive rock climbers: good for aerobic fitness? J Strength Cond Res. 2008 Mar;22(2):359-64.
Reverse It
Fenwick, C. M., et al. Comparison of different rowing exercises: trunk muscle activation and lumbar spine motion, load, and stiffness. J Strength Cond Res. 2009 Mar;23(2):350-8.
Band Together
Anderson, C. E., et al. The effects of combining elastic and free weight resistance on strength and power in athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 22(2):567-574, 2008.
Staggered Sets
Alcaraz, P. E., et al. Physical performance and cardiovascular responses to an acute bout of heavy resistance circuit training versus traditional strength training.J Strength Cond Res. 2008 May;22(3):667-71.
Training Capacity
1. J Strength Cond Res. 23(6): [in press] ( Research funded by Training Day [reference])
2. ibid.
Go Fish
Hall, M. N., et al. A 22-year prospective study of fish, n-3 fatty acid intake, and colorectal cancer risk in men. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2008 May;17(5):1136-43.
A Mature Matter
Dinsmore, W. W. and Wyllie, M. G. PSD502 improves ejaculatory latency, control and sexual satisfaction when applied topically 5 min before intercourse in men with premature ejaculation: results of a phase III, multicentre, double-blind, placebo-controlled study. BJU Int. 2009 Apr;103(7):940-9.
Stop the Straining:
Go Hyper
Scheett, T.P., et al. Hyperimmune Egg Protein Supplementation Stimulates the GH→IGH-1 Axis.. 2008 National Strength and Conditioning Association, Las Vegas, NV.
Functional Food
Collins, J.K., “Watermelon consumption increases plasma arginine concentrations in adults.” Nutrition. 2007 Jun;23(6):517.
Label laws
http://www.kraftfoods.com/kf/Products/ProductInfoDisplay.aspx?SiteId=1&Product=4400004802
1 Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2005 Jun;288(6):E1153-9.
2 J Physiol. 2008 Nov 15;586(Pt 22):5549-60.
3 Eur J Appl Physiol. 2007 Nov;101(4):427-36.
4 J Athl Train. 2009 Mar-Apr;44(2):180-4.
1 Ruben, S., et al. “A Randomized Double-Blind Clinical Pilot Trial Evaluating the Effect of Protein Source when Combined with Resistance Training on Body Composition and Sex Hormones in Adult Males.” FASEB 2005.
2 Si, H. and Liu, D. Genistein, a Soy Phytoestrogen, Upregulates the Expression of Human Endothelial Nitric Oxide Synthase and Lowers Blood Pressure in Spontaneously Hypertensive Rats. Journal of Nutrition138:297-304, 2008.
3 Box, W., et al. Soy intake plus moderate weight resistance exercise: effects on serum concentrations of lipid peroxides in young adult women. J Sports Med Phys Fitness 45(4):524-8, 2005.
4 Brown, E. C., et al. Soy versus whey protein bars: effects on exercise training impact on lean body mass and antioxidant status. Nutrition Journal 2004 Dec 8;3:22.
5 Hill, S., et al. Moderate intensity resistance exercise, plus or minus soy intake: effects on serum lipid peroxides in young adult males. Int J Sport Nutr Exerc Metab. 2004 Apr;14(2):125-32.
6 Cope, M.B., et al. “The potential role of soyfoods in weight and adiposity reduction: an evidence-based review.” Obes Rev. 2008 May;9(3):219-35.
7 van Vught, A.J., et al. “Effects of Oral Ingestion of Amino Acids and Proteins on the Somatotropic Axis.” J Clin Endocrinol Metab. February 2008, 93(2):584-590.
8 Suminski RR, Robertson RJ, Goss FL, et al. Acute effect of amino acid ingestion and resistance exercise on plasma growth hormone concentration in young men. Int J Sport Nutr. Mar 1997;7(1):48-60.
9 Isidori, A., et al.1981 A study of growth hormone release in man after oral administration of amino acids. Curr Med Res Opin 7:475-481.
10 Collier, S. R,, et al. Growth hormone responses to varying doses of oral arginine. Growth Hormone and IGF Research 15(2):136-139, 2005.
11 Besset, A., et al. Increase in sleep related GH and Prl secretion after chronic arginine aspartate administration in man. Acta Endocrinol (Copenh). 1982 Jan;99(1):18-23.
12 Campbell, B., et al. Effects of arginine alpha-ketoglutarate supplementation on body composition and training adaptations. Sports Nutrition Reviews 1(1):S14, 2004.
13 Cioci, B. W., et al. The Effects of Arginine Alpha-Ketoglutarate Supplementation on Endurance-Trained Females. Annual Meeting of the National Strength and Conditoning Association, Atlanta, 2007.
14 E. Schwedhelm et al. “Pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of oral L-citrulline and L-arginine: impact on nitric oxide metabolism,” British Journal of Clinical Pharmacology, 65(1):51-9, 2008.
15 Li, H., et al. Histamine upregulates gene expression of endothelial nitric oxide synthase in human vascular endothelial cells. Circulation 107: 2348-2354, 2003.
16 Lantoine, F., et al. Nitric oxide production in human endothelial cells stimulated by histamine requires Ca2+ influx. Biochem J 330:695-699, 1998.
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